Review Article | Published: 31 March 2025

Sida species: A review of the active constituents, toxicology and pharmacological properties

Varsha Pandey, Samiksha Parihar, Hari Om Saxena, Anil Kumar Yadav and Ganesh Pawar

Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products | Volume: 32 | Issue: 1 | Page No. 17-31 | 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2025-W0AIJ3 | Cite this article

Abstract

The genus Sida (family Malvaceae) includes more than 200 species, several of which are of significant medicinal value. Traditionally, Sida species have been used to manage ailments such as diabetes, neurological disorders, pain, inflammation, rheumatism, kidney disorders, hysteria, and cardiac depression. Pharmacological studies report activities including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, analgesic, adaptogenic, cytotoxic, and cardiovascular effects. Approximately 142 phytochemicals have been identified from this genus. This review consolidates data on phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, toxicology, standardization, and patents of Sida species, highlighting their potential in drug discovery and pharmaceutical development.

Keywords

Bioactive compounds, Pharmacological activities, Sida, Toxicology, Validation studies

Access Options

250/-

Buy Full Access in HTML Format

Instant access to the full article.

Get access to the full version of this article. Buy Full Access in HTML Format

References

1. Abushouk, A.I., Negida, A., Ahmed, H. and Abdel-Daim, M.M., 2017. Neuroprotective mechanisms of plant extracts against MPTP induced neurotoxicity: Future applications in Parkinson’s disease. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy85, pp.635-645.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.074

Google Scholar

2. Adeniyi, S.A., Orjiekwe, C.L., Ehiagbonare, J.E. and Arimah, B.D., 2010. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and insecticidal activity of ethanolic extracts of four tropical plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against beans weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus). International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(6), pp.753-762.

Google Scholar

3. Adetutu, A., Morgan, W.A. and  Corcoran, O., 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria. Journal of ethnopharmacology137(1), pp.50-56.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.073

Google Scholar

4. Ahmed, F., Toume, K., Ohtsuki, T., Rahman, M., Sadhu, S.K. and Ishibashi, M., 2011. Cryptolepine, isolated from Sida acuta, sensitizes human gastric adenocarcinoma cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. Phytotherapy Research25(1),pp.147-150.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3219

Google Scholar

5. Akilandeswari, S., Senthamarai, R., Valarmathi, R. and Prema, S., 2010a. Wound healing actvity of Sida acuta in rats. International  Journal of Pharmtech Research, 2, pp 585-587.

Google Scholar

6. Ajithabai, M.D., Sunitha Rani, S.P. and Jayakumar, G., 2012. Review on the species of Sida used for the preparation of nayopayamkashayam. Int J Res Rev Pharm Appl Sci2, pp.173-195.

Google Scholar

7. Akilandeswari, S., Senthamarai, R., Valarmathi, R. and Prema, S., 2010b. Screening of gastric antiulcer activity of Sida acuta Burm. International Journal of PharmTech Research2(2), pp.1644-1648.

Google Scholar

8. Anonymous, 2003.Sida acuta Burn. f. ssp acuta In: Gupta A.K. (ed.), Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, vol. 1. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi pp 181.

9. Anonymous, 2007. Database on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (CCRAS), Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, India  8 , pp.42-58.

Google Scholar

10. Anani, K., Hudson, J.B., De Souza, C., Akpagana, K., Tower, G.H.N., Arnason, J.T. and Gbeassor, M., 2000. Investigation of medicinal plants of Togo for antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutical biology38(1), pp.40-45. 

Google Scholar

11. Arya, A., Abdullah, M.A., Haerian, B.S. and Mohd, M.A., 2012. Screening for hypoglycemic activity on the leaf extracts of nine medicinal plants: in-vivo evaluation. Journal of Chemistry9(3), pp.1196-1205.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/103760

Google Scholar

12. Arciniegas, A., Pérez-Castorena, A.L., Nieto-Camacho, A., Kita, Y. and Vivar, A.R.D., 2017. Anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts and metabolites from Sida acuta and Sida rhombifoliaQuímica Nova40(2), pp.176-181.  https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20160182

Google Scholar

13. Assam, J.P.A., Dzoyem, J., Pieme, C.A. and Penlap, V.B., 2010. In vitro antibacterial activity and acute toxicity of the extracts of Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae). BMC Pharmacology, 10(1), pp.1-7.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-40

Google Scholar

14. Auddy, B., Ferreira, M., Blasina, F., Lafon, L., Arredondo, F., Dajas, F., Tripathi, P.C., Seal, T. and Mukherjee, B., 2003. Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of ethnopharmacology84(2-3), pp.131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00322-7

Google Scholar

15. Banni, M. and Jayaraj, M., 2023. Profile of bioactive compounds, in vitro anticancerous and antioxidant activity of stem extracts of Sida cordataPlant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology157(6), pp.1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2023.2260820

Google Scholar

16. Bati, K., Kwape, T.E. and Chaturvedi, P., 2018. The inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract of Sidarhombifolia leaves on key carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. J Complement Med Res9(1), pp.1-10.  https://doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.20180424124516

Google Scholar

17. Begerhotta, A. and Bannerjee, N.R., 1985. Polarographic studies on active constituents of Sida cordifoliaCurrent science54(14), pp.690-692.

Google Scholar

18. Beshbishy, A.M., Batiha, G.E.S., Adeyemi, O.S., Yokoyama, N. and Igarashi, I., 2019. Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine12(9), pp.425-434.  https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.267586

Google Scholar

19. Bhutkar, P.M., Suganthi, V., Bhutkar, M.V. and Kothai, R., 2020. In vitro antiproliferative activity of ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia linn against various cancer cell lines.Al Ameen J Med Sci  13(4), pp.234-241.

Google Scholar

20. Cáceres, A., Girón, L.M., Alvarado, S.R. and Torres, M.F., 1987. Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 20(3), pp.223-237.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90050-X

Google Scholar

21. Chatterjee, A., Kumar, S., Chattopadhyay, SK., 2013. A validated HPLC‐PDA method for identification and quantification of two bioactive alkaloids, ephedrine and cryptolepine, in different Sida species. Biomed Chromatogr 27, pp.1720-1725.  https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.2985

Google Scholar

22. Chaves, O.S., Gomes, R.A., Tomaz, A.C.D.A., Fernandes, M.G., das Graças Mendes Junior, L., de Fátima Agra, M., Braga, V.A. and de Fátima Vanderlei de Souza, M., 2013. Secondary metabolites from Sida rhombifolia L.(Malvaceae) and the vasorelaxant activity of cryptolepinone. Molecules, 18(3), pp.2769-2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18032769

Google Scholar

23. Chaves, O.S., Teles, Y.C.F., Monteiro, M.M.D.O., Mendes Junior, L.D.G., Agra, M.D.F., Braga, V.D.A., Silva, T.M.S. and Souza, M.D.F.V.D., 2017. Alkaloids and phenolic compounds from Sida rhombifolia L.(Malvaceae) and vasorelaxant activity of two indoquinoline alkaloids. Molecules22(1), pp.94. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010094

Google Scholar

24. Chen, C.R., Chao, L.H., Liao, Y.W., Chang, C.I. and Pan, M.H., 2007. Tocopherols and triterpenoids from Sida acutaJournal of the Chinese Chemical Society54(1), pp.41-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200700008

Google Scholar

25. Cowan, M.M., 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews12(4), pp.564-582.  https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564

Google Scholar

26. Das, N., Achari, B., Harigaya, Y. and Dinda, B., 2011. A new flavonol glucoside from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosaJournal of Asian natural products research13(10), pp.965-971.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.602343

Google Scholar

27. Das, N., Nath, J. and Dinda, B., 2012. Antioxidant phytochemicals from Sida glutinosaJournal of Pharmacy Research5 (9), pp.4845-4848.

Google Scholar

28. Das, N., Saha, T. and Dinda, B., 2016. A new antifungal aliphatic fatty acid ester from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosaChemistry of Natural Compounds52, pp.388-390.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-016-1655-y

Google Scholar

29. Dhalwal, K., Shinde, V.M. and Mahadik, K.R., 2010. Optimization and validation of reverse phase HPLC and HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of vasicine and vasicinone in Sida Species. J Med Plants Res4(13), pp.1289-1296.

Google Scholar

30. Dinan, L., Bourne, P. and Whiting, P., 2001. Phytoecdysteroid profiles in seeds of Sidaspp.(Malvaceae). Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques12(2), pp.110-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.566

Google Scholar

31. Dinda, B., Das, N., Dinda, S., Dinda, M. and SilSarma, I., 2015. The genus Sida L.–A traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology176, pp.135-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.027

Google Scholar

32. Dunning, T., 2013. Aromatherapy: overview, safety and quality issues. OA Altern Med1(1), p.6.

Google Scholar

33. Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E. and Mbaebie, B.O., 2005. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African journal of biotechnology4(7), pp.685-688.  https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3127

Google Scholar

34. Eluwa, M., Ofem, P., Asuquo, O., Akpantah, A. and Ekanem, T.B., 2013. Histological Study of the Effect of Ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the cerebral cortex of Adult Wistar Rats. IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci8, pp.60-63.  https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-0856063

Google Scholar

35. Francis, P., Masimba, P.J. and Mwakigonja, A.R., 2018. Evaluation of the wound healing activity of formulated ointments and water preparation from Sida rhombifolia leaf extract. Tanzania Journal of Health Research20(4). https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v20i4.4

Google Scholar

36. Franzotti, E.M., Santos, C.V.F., Rodrigues, H.M.S.L., Mourao, R.H.V., Andrade, M.R. and Antoniolli, A.R., 2000. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L.(Malva-branca). Journal of ethnopharmacology72(1-2), pp.273-277.

Google Scholar

37. Fryxell, P.A., 2009. A new South American subsection of Sida sect. Nelavaga (Malvaceae) with two new species. Lundellia2009(12), pp.15-27.  https://doi.org/10.25224/1097-993X-12.1.15

Google Scholar

38. Gangu, A.R., Prapulla, P., Kumar, C.H.A., Chamundeeswari, D. and Reddy, C.U.M., 2011. Free radical scavenging activity of the alcoholic extract of Sidarhombifolia roots in arthritic rats. Int J Pharm chem 1, pp.624-629.

Google Scholar

39. Ghosh, G., Subudhi, B.B. and Mishra, S.K., 2011. Antihyperglycemic activity of root bark of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula and aerial parts of SidarhombifoliaLinn. and its relationship with antioxidant property. Asian Journal of Chemistry23(1), p.141.

Google Scholar

40. Govindarajan, M., 2010. Larvicidal and repellent activities of Sida acuta Burm. F.(Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine3(9), pp.691-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60167-8

Google Scholar

41. Gulnaz, A.R. and Savitha, G., 2013. Phytochemical evaluation of leaf and stem extracts of siddha medicinal plant: Sida cordataJournal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences2(15), pp.2514-2522.  https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/570

Google Scholar

42. Gunatilaka, A.L., Sotheeswaran, S., Balasubramaniam, S., Chandrasekara, A.I. and Sriyani, H.B., 1980. Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Planta medica39(05), pp.66-72.  https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1074904

Google Scholar

43. Halde, U.K., Wake, R. and Patil, N., 2011. Genus Sida—the plants with ethno medicinal and therapeutic potential. Golden Res Thoughts1, pp.1-4.

Google Scholar

44. Holdsworth, D.K., 1974. Phytochemical survey of medicinal plants of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua. Sci New Guinea Univ Papua. 2, pp.164-171.

Google Scholar

45. Islam, M.R., Reza, A.A., Chawdhury, K.A.A., Uddin, J. and Farhana, K., 2014. Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Sida cordata leaves. Int J Biol Pharm Res5(2), pp.196-200.

Google Scholar

46. Iswantini, D. and Darusman, L.K., 2003. Effect of sidaguri extract as an uric acid lowering agent on the activity of xanthine oxidase enzyme. In Proceedings of International Symposium On Biomedicines, Biopharmaca Research, Bogor Agricultural University.

Google Scholar

47. Iswantini, D., Darusman, L.K. and Hidayat, R., 2009. Indonesian Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.) as antigout and inhibition kinetics of flavonoids crude extract on the activity of xanthine oxidase. J Biol Sci 9, pp.504-508.  https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2009.504.508

Google Scholar

48. Jain, A., Choubey, S., Singour, P.K., Rajak, H. and Pawar, R.S., 2011. Sida cordifolia (Linn)-An overview. Journal of applied pharmaceutical Science, (Issue), pp.23-31.

Google Scholar

49. Jang, D.S., Park, E.J., Kang, Y.H., Su, B.N., Hawthorne, M.E., Vigo, J.S., Graham, J.G., Cabieses, F., Fong, H.H., Mehta, R.G. and Pezzuto, J.M., 2003. Compounds obtained from Sida acuta with the potential to induce quinone reductase and to inhibit 7, 12-dimethylbenz-[a] anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesions in a mouse mammary organ culture model. Archives of pharmacal research26, pp.585-590.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976704

Google Scholar

50. Joseph, B., Ajisha, A.U., Kumari, S. and Sujatha, S., 2011. Effect of bioactive compounds and its pharmaceutical activities of Sida cordifolia (Linn.). Int J Biol Med Res2(4), pp.1038-1042.

Google Scholar

51. Kannan, R.R. and Vincent, S.G.P., 2012. Cynodon dactylon and Sida acuta extracts impact on the function of the cardiovascular system in zebrafish embryos. Journal of Biomedical Research26(2), pp.90-97.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1674-8301(12)60017-7

Google Scholar

52. Kanthal, L.K., Bhar, K. and Ravali, P. 2017. Evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract of Sida acuta Burm. Asian J Pharm Clin Res10, 143. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.14810

Google Scholar

53. Kanth, R. and Diwan, P.V., 1999. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities of Sida cordifolia. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives13(1), pp.75-77.  https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199902)13:1<75::AID-PTR387>3.3.CO;2-6

Google Scholar

54. Kao, M.T., 1985. Popular herbal remedies of Taiwan. Southern Materials Center Publishing Inc, Taipei, p.89.

55. Karou, D., Savadogo, A., Canini, A., Yameogo, S., Montesano, C., Simpore, J., Colizzi, V. and Traore, A.S., 2006. Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sida acutaAfrican journal of biotechnology5(2), pp.195-200.

Google Scholar

56. Khare, M., Srivastava, S.K. and Singh, A.K., 2002. Chemistry and pharmacology of genus Sida (Malvaceae)-a review. J  Med Aromat Plant Sci. 24, pp.430-440.

Google Scholar

57. Khurana, N. and Gajbhiye, A., 2013. Ameliorative effect of Sida cordifolia in rotenone induced oxidative stress model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology39, pp.57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.005

Google Scholar

58. Konaté, K., Bassolé, I.H.N., Hilou, A., Aworet-Samseny, R.R., Souza, A., Barro, N., Dicko, M.H., Datté, J.Y. and M’Batchi, B., 2012a. Toxicity assessment and analgesic activity investigation of aqueous acetone extracts of Sida acuta Burn f. and Sida cordifoliaL.(Malvaceae), medicinal plants of Burkina Faso. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine12, pp.1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-120

Google Scholar

59. Konaté, K., Hilou, A., Mavoungou, J.F., Lepengué, A.N., Souza, A., Barro, N., Datté, J.Y., M'batchi, B. and Nacoulma, O.G., 2012b. Antimicrobial activity of polyphenol-rich fractions from Sida alba L.(Malvaceae) against co-trimoxazol-resistant bacteria strains. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials11, pp.1-6.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-11-5

Google Scholar

60. Konaté, K., Souza, A., Coulibaly, A.Y., Meda, N.T., Kiendrebeogo, M., Lamien-Meda, A., Millogo-Rasolodimby, J., Lamidi, M. and Nacoulma, O.G., 2010. In vitro antioxidant, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of fractions from Cienfuegosia digitata Cav., Sida alba L. and Sida acuta Burn f.(Malvaceae). Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS13(22), pp.1092-1098.  https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2010.1092.1098

Google Scholar

61. Krapovickas, A., 2006. Las especiesargentinas y de paísesvecinos de Sida secc. Nelavaga (Malvaceae, Malveae). Bonplandia, pp.5-45.  https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.151-289

Google Scholar

62. Kubavat, J.B. and Asdaq, S.M.B., 2009. Role of Sida cordifolia L. leaves on biochemical and antioxidant profile during myocardial injury. Journal of ethnopharmacology124(1), pp.162-165.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.004

Google Scholar

63. Mah, S.H., Teh, S.S. and Ee, G.C.L., 2017. Anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinergic and cytotoxic effects of SidarhombifoliaPharmaceutical biology55(1), pp.920-928.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1285322

Google Scholar

64. Malairajan, P., Gopalakrishnan, G., Narasimhan, S. and Veni, K., 2006. Antiulcer Activity of Sida acuta Burm. Natural Product Sciences12(3), pp.150-152.

Google Scholar

65. Matsui, T.A., Sowa, Y., Murata, H., Takagi, K., Nakanishi, R., Aoki, S., Yoshikawa, M., Kobayashi, M., Sakabe, T., Kubo, T. and Sakai, T., 2007. The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21WAF1/CIP1 and cell cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line. International journal of oncology31(4), pp.915-922. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.31.4.915

Google Scholar

66. Medeiros, I.A., Santos, M.R.V., Nascimento, N.M.S. and Duarte, J.C., 2006. Cardiovascular effects of Sida cordifolia leaves extract in rats. Fitoterapia77(1), pp.19-27.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.003

Google Scholar

67. Mistry, S., Dutt, K.R. and Jena, J., 2013. Protective effect of Sida cordata leaf extract against CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine6(4), pp.280-284.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60057-7

Google Scholar

68. Murugesa Mudaliar, K.S., 2008. Siddha Materia Medica (Medicinal Plants Division). Dept of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Chennai pp 228-229.

Google Scholar

69. Nagashayana, N., Sankarankutty, P., Nampoothiri, M.R.V., Mohan, P.K.  and Mohanakumar, K.P., 2000. Association of L-DOPA with recovery following Ayurveda medication in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,176 (2),pp.124-127.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00329-4

Google Scholar

70. Naik, N., Krishna, K.M., Jayasri, P. and Elumalai, A., 2011. Evaluation of diuretic activity of Sida spinosa Linn leaves extract. J. Chem3(6), pp.1004-1008.

Google Scholar

71. Narendhirakannan, R.T. and Limmy, T.P., 2012. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Sidarhombifolia stems and roots in adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology34(2), pp.326-336.  https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2011.605142

Google Scholar

72. Nascimento, G.G., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C. and Silva, G.L., 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Brazilian journal of microbiology31, pp.247-256.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822000000400003

Google Scholar

73. Oduwegwu, E., Mgbenka, B.O., Onyishi, G.C., Okafor, F.C., Ejere, V.C. and Eyo, J.E., 2017. Wound healing potentials of wire weed (Sida acutaburman, 1768) in guinea pig (Cavia porcelluslinnaeus, 1758). Pharmacologyonline2, pp.130-40.

Google Scholar

74. Okwuosa, C.N., Azubike, N.C. and Nebo, I.I., 2011. Evaluation of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the crude leaf extracts of Sida acuta in normal and diabetic rabbits. Indian J Novel Drug Deliv 3, pp.206-213.

Google Scholar

75. Otero, R., Fonnegra, R., Jiménez, S.L., Núñez, V., Evans, N., Alzate, S.P., Garcıa, M.E., Saldarriaga, M., Del Valle, G., Osorio, R.G. and Dıaz, A., 2000. Snakebites and ethnobotany in the northwest region of Colombia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology71(3), pp.493-504.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00243-9

Google Scholar

76. Pallela, P.N.V.K., Ummey, S., Ruddaraju, L.K., Pammi, S.V.N. and Yoon, S.G., 2018. Ultra Small, mono dispersed green synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia plant and investigation of antibacterial activity. Microbial Pathogenesis124, pp.63-69.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.026

Google Scholar

77. Panthi, M.P. and Chaudhary, R.P., 2009. Antibacterial of some selected folklore medicinal plant from west Nepal. Am-Euras J Sci Res4(3), pp.142-147.

78. Paptha, N., Jayshree, N., Seenivasan, P. and Kumar, V., 2013. Anti-tubercular activity on leaves and roots of Sida rhombifoliaInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research20(2), pp.135-137.

Google Scholar

79. Parrotta, J.A., 2001. Healing plants of Peninsular India. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK and New York. pp.917.

Google Scholar

80. Pawar, R.S., Chaurasiya, P.K., Rajak, H., Singour, P.K., Toppo, F.A. and Jain, A., 2013. Wound healing activity of Sida cordifolia Linn. in rats. Indian journal of pharmacology45(5), pp.474-478.  https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.117759

Google Scholar

81. Philip, B.K., Muralidharan, A., Natarajan, B., Varadamurthy, S. and Venkataraman, S., 2008. Preliminary evaluation of anti-pyretic and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Sida cordifolia methanolic extract. Fitoterapia79(3), pp.229-231.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.01.001

Google Scholar

82. Pieme, CA., Penlap, VN., Ngogang, J., and Costache M., 2010. In vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of five medicinal plants of Malvaceae family from Cameroon. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 29, pp.223-228.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.01.003

Google Scholar

83. Prabhakar, T., Nagarathna, P.K.M., Rao, T.S., Baby, B., Ramesh, K. and Suresh, B., 2007. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Sida cordifolia Linn. Asian J Chem 19: 4649-4652.

Google Scholar

84. Prakash, A., Ghosal, S., 1979. Phytoecdysones. J Sci Ind Res 38, pp.632-647.

85. Prakash, A., Varma, R.K. and Ghosal, S., 1981. Alkaloid constituents of Sida acuta, S. humilis, S. rhombifolia and S. spinosa. Planta Medica43(12), pp.384-388. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971529

Google Scholar

86. Rahman, M.A., Ahmed, N.U., Islam, M.S. and Mia, M.Y., 2011. Pharmacological potentials of Sida cordifolia L. with special reference to sedative, analgesic and cytotoxic activities. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, 3(2), pp.1035-1041.

87. Rao, K.S. and Mishra, S.H., 1997. Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of Sida cordifolia Linn. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29(2), pp.110–116

Google Scholar

88. Reis, M.O., Cruz, R.A., Oliveira, L.G., Bassuino, D.M., Schwertz, C.I., Bianchi, M.V., Sonne, L., Pavarini, S.P. and Driemeier, D., 2019. Hydrallantois in cows naturally poisoned by Sida carpinifolia in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation31(4), pp.581-584.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638719850610

Google Scholar

89. Rejitha, S., Prathibha, P. and Indira, M., 2012. Amelioration of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity by the administration of ethanolic extract of Sida cordifolia Linn. British journal of nutrition108(7), pp.1256-1263. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511006568

Google Scholar

90. Rodrigues, F.C. and de Oliveira, A.F.M., 2020. The genus SidaL.(Malvaceae): An update of its ethnomedicinal use, pharmacology and phytochemistry. South African Journal of Botany132, pp.432-462.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.04.030

Google Scholar

91. Rukkumani, R., Aruna, K., Suresh Varma, P. and Padmanabhan Menon, V., 2004. Hepatoprotective role of ferulic acid: a dose-dependent study. Journal of medicinal food7(4), pp.456-461.https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf. 2004.7.456.  https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2004.7.456

Google Scholar

92. Sarangi, R.R., Mishra, U.S., Panda, S.K. and Behera, S., 2011. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity of Sidarhombifolia Linn. Root. Int Res J Pharm2, pp.157-60.

Google Scholar

93. Sawant, L., Kachwala, Y., Sangave, P. and Pandita, N., 2012. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic quantification of kaempferol and apigenin in the whole-plant powder of Sida spinosa Linn. JPC-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC25(4), pp.301-305.  https://doi.org/10.1556/JPC.25.2012.4.4

Google Scholar

94. Selvadurai, S., Senthamarai, R., Kirubha, T.S.V. and Vasuki, K., 2011. Anitimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Sida spinosa Linn.(Malvaceae). J Nat Prod Plant Resour1(2), pp.36-40.

Google Scholar

95. Selvadurai, S., Senthamarai, R., Kiruba, T., Nagarajan, G. and Gayasuddin, M., 2012. Antidiabetic activity of whole plant of Sida spinosa Linn (Malvaceae) on diabetic induced rats. International Journal of research in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics1(2), pp.224-249.

Google Scholar

96. Sharma, A., Sangameswaran, B., Mahajan, S.C. and Saluja, M.S., 2012a. Protective effects of Sida veronicaefolia against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Phytopharmacology3(1), pp.137-144.

Google Scholar

97. Sharma, R., Kumar, S. and Shrama, D., 2012b. Antipyretic efficacy of various extracts of Sida acuta leaves. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 3:pp.515-518.

98. Sharma, V., Mehta, S.C. and Sinoriya, P., 2013. Pharmacognostical study of the whole plant of Sida rhombifoliaJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry2(3), pp.01-04.

Google Scholar

99. Sharma, V., Reddy, K.R.C. and Gautam, D.S., 2018. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Sida spinosa. International Journal of Green Pharmacy12(Sp Issue), pp.109-115.

Google Scholar

100. Siddiqui, M.A., Rasheed, S., Saquib, Q., Al-Khedhairy, A.A., Al-Said, M.S., Musarrat, J. and Choudhary, M.I., 2016. In-Vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants. BMC complementary and alternative medicine16, pp.1-10.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1225-7

Google Scholar

101. Silva, R.L., Melo, G.B.D., Melo, V.A.D., Antoniolli, Â.R., Michellone, P.R.T., Zucoloto, S., Picinato, M.A.N.C., Franco, C.F.F., Mota, G.D.A. and Castro e Silva, O.D., 2006. Effect of the aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira21, pp.37-39.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502006000700009

Google Scholar

102. Singh, D.K., Singh, P.K., Pandey, R.K. and Agnihotri, R.K., 2021. Ethno botanical approaches, pharmacological and phytochemical benefits of genus Sida used in traditional medicines. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences10(4), pp.3304-3309.  https://doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.V10I4.1185

Google Scholar

103. Sivarajan, V.V. and Pradeep, A.K., 1996. Malvaceae of southern peninsular India: a taxonomic monograph. Daya Books.

Google Scholar

104. Sreedevi, C.D., Latha, P.G., Ancy, P., Suja, S.R., Shyamal, S., Shine, V.J., Sini, S., Anuja, G.I. and Rajasekharan, S., 2009. Hepatoprotective studies on Sida acuta Burm. f. Journal of ethnopharmacology124(2), pp.171-175.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.055

Google Scholar

105. Srinithya, B., Kumar, V.V., Vadivel, V., Pemaiah, B., Anthony, S.P. and Muthuraman, M.S., 2016. Synthesis of biofunctionalized AgNPs using medicinally important Sida cordifolia leaf extract for enhanced antioxidant and anticancer activities. Materials Letters, 170, pp.101-104.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.019

Google Scholar

106. Srinivasan, N. and Murali, R., 2022. An overview of the traditional importance, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Sida acuta Burm. f. Annals of Phytomedicine11(2), pp.245-254.  https://doi.org/10.54085/ap.2022.11.2.27

Google Scholar

107. Srinivasan, N., Murali, R. and Sivakrishnan, S., 2022. Sida cordifolia-an update on its traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological importance. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences11(1-2022), pp.74-86.  https://doi.org/10.51847/Q1trGLYB0E

Google Scholar

108. Steven, D. and Ehrlich, N.M.D., 2009. Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

109. Subramanya, M.D., Pai, S.R., Ankad, G.M., Hegde, H.V., Roy, S. and Hoti, S.L., 2016. Simultaneous determination of vasicine and vasicinone by high-performance liquid chromatography in roots of eight Sida species. AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda)37(2), pp.135-139.  https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_49_16

Google Scholar

110. Sutradhar, R.K., Rahman, A.K.M.M. and Ahmad, M.U., 2007. Three new flavonol C-glycosides from Sida cordifolia Linn. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society4, pp.175-181.  https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03245964

Google Scholar

111. Sutradhar, R.K., Rahman, A.M., Ahmad, M.U. and Bachar, S.C., 2008. Bioactive flavones of Sida cordifoliaPhytochemistry Letters, 1(4), pp.179-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2008.09.004

Google Scholar

112. Tamura, S., Kaneko, M., Shiomi, A., Yang, G.M., Yamaura, T. and Murakami, N., 2010. Unprecedented NES non-antagonistic inhibitor for nuclear export of Rev from Sida cordifoliaBioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters20(6), pp.1837-1839.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.165

Google Scholar

113. Tang, Y., Gilbert, M.G. and Dorr, L.J., 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 12.

114. Thounaojam, M.C., Jadeja, R.N., Devkar, R.V. and Ramachandran, AV, 2010a. Prevention of high fat diet induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice by Sida rhomboidea ROXB. extract. Journal of Health Science56(1), pp.92-98.  https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.56.92

Google Scholar

115. Thounaojam, M.C., Jadeja, R.N., Devkar, R.V. and Ramachandran, A.V., 2010b. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Sida rhomboidea. Roxb methanolic extract determined using different in vitro models. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas9(3), pp.191-198.

Google Scholar

116. Thounaojam, M.C., Jadeja, R.N., Karn, S.S., Shah, J.D., Patel, D.K., Salunke, S.P., Padate, G.S., Devkar, R.V. and Ramachandran, A.V., 2011a. Cardioprotective effect of Sida rhomboidea. Roxb extract against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology63(4), pp.351-356.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.010

Google Scholar

117. Thounaojam, M.C., Jadeja, R.N., Patel, V.B., Devkar, R.V. and Ramachandran, A.V., 2009. Potential of Sida rhomboidea. roxb leaf extract in controlling hypertriglyceridemia in experimental models. Pharmacognosy research1(4).

Google Scholar

118. Thounaojam, M.C., Jadeja, R.N., Ramani, U.V., Devkar, R.V. and Ramachandran, A.V., 2011b. Sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract down-regulates expression of PPARγ2 and leptin genes in high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice and retards in vitro 3T3L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. International journal of molecular sciences, 12(7), pp.4661-4677.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12074661

Google Scholar

119. Uysal, S., Gevrenova, R., Sinan, K.I., Bayarslan, A.U., Altunoglu, Y.C., Zheleva-Dimitrova, D., Ak, G., Baloglu, M.C., Etienne, O.K., Lobine, D., Mahomoodally, M.F. and Zengin, G., 2021. New perspectives into the chemical characterization of Sida acuta Burm.f. extracts with respect to its anti-cancer, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. Process Biochemistry, 105, pp.91-101,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.03.028

Google Scholar

120. Vassou, S.L., Kusuma, G. and Parani, M., 2015. DNA barcoding for species identification from dried and powdered plant parts: a case study with authentication of the raw drug market samples of Sida cordifoliaGene559(1), pp.86-93.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.025

Google Scholar

121. Woldeyes, S., Adane, L., Tariku, Y., Muleta, D. and Begashaw, T., 2012. Evaluation of antibacterial activities of compounds isolated from Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae). Nat Prod Chem Res1(101), p.2. 

Google Scholar

122. Yao ChunSuo, Y.C. and Xu YunLong, X.Y., 2000. Phytoecdysones from Sida szechuensis. Acta Bota Yunnan 22, pp.503-506.

Google Scholar

About this article

How to cite

Pandey, V., Parihar, S., Saxena, H.O., Yadav, A.K. and Pawar, G., 2025. Sida species: A review of the active constituents, toxicology and pharmacological properties. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 32(1), pp.17-31. https://doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2025-W0AIJ3

Publication History

Manuscript Received on 30 October 2024

Manuscript Revised on 10 March 2025

Manuscript Accepted on 17 March 2025

Manuscript Published on 31 March 2025

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: